34CrAlNi7-10 | 1.8550 Material Datasheet
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| Material Number | Material Number (single) | Standard | Range of Application | Standard Status | Country | Predecessor | Successor | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.8550 (DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07) | 1.8550 | DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07 | DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07 replaced by DIN EN ISO 683-5 : 2021-08 | Replaced | Germany | 34CrAlNi7-10 | 34CrAlNi7-10 | The heat-treatable nitriding steel 34CrAlNi7-10 is applicated for machine engineering components, piston rods, plungers and spindles of particularly high dimensions. The steels contains nitriding agents (Cr and Al) which contribute by the nitriding resp. nitrocarburization process with N resp. N and C to an increase of - case hardness - wear resistance - fatigue resistance and - corrosion resistance. Application for forged components: hardened, mechanically machined and thermochemical treated (e.g. nitriding) The steel with a higher Al-content shows a tendency to increased skin decarburization. The forged part requires sufficient machining allowances so that the finished component can be supplied to the nitriding process decarburization-free. |
Chemical Composition
| Al [%] | C [%] | Cr [%] | Mn [%] | Mo [%] | Ni [%] | P [%] | S [%] | Si [%] | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.8 - 1.2 | 0.3 - 0.37 | 1.5 - 1.8 | 0.4 - 0.7 | 0.15 - 0.25 | 0.85 - 1.15 | ≤ 0.025 | ≤ 0.035 | ≤ 0.4 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
Mechanical Properties
| Semi-finished Product | Condition | Nominal Size [mm] | Temperature [°C] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Yield Strength [MPa] | Elongation A [%] | Hardness HB | HBW | Hardness HV | Source | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 16 - 40 | 20 | 900 - 1100 | ≥ 680 | ≥ 10 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | |||
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 40 - 100 | 20 | 850 - 1050 | ≥ 650 | ≥ 12 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | |||
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 100 - 160 | 20 | 800 - 1000 | ≥ 600 | ≥ 13 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | |||
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 160 - 250 | 20 | 800 - 1000 | ≥ 600 | ≥ 13 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | |||
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 20 | ≤ 950 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | Hardness HV: HV1 Hardness of the nitrided surface. Values serve as a clue resp. for information. The actual surface hardness can deviate depending on nitriding treatment and initial heat-treatment conditions. | |||||
| Strip, sheet, wide flats, bar, wire rod, forging | soft annealed (+A) | 20 | ≤ 248 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
Physical Properties
| Temperature [°C] | Density [g/cm³] | Young's Modulus [GPa] | Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (reference 20°C) [10^-6*K^-1] | Differential Coefficient of Thermal Expansion [10^-6*K^-1] | Thermal Conductivity [W/(m*K)] | Thermal Diffusivity [10^-6 m²/s] | Specific Electrical Resistance [µΩm] | Mean Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/(kg*K)] | True Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/(kg*K)] | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -100 | 217 | 10.5 | 9.200 | 0.423 | 0.371 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 | ||||
| 0 | 213 | 11.4 | 11.200 | 0.456 | 0.451 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 | ||||
| 20 | 7.8 | 212 | 11.5 | 11.500 | 33.7 | 9.400 | 0.309 | 0.461 | 0.461 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 |
| 100 | 207 | 12.1 | 12.600 | 36.2 | 9.400 | 0.354 | 0.479 | 0.496 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 | |
| 200 | 199 | 12.7 | 13.700 | 37.8 | 9.200 | 0.418 | 0.499 | 0.533 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 | |
| 300 | 192 | 13.2 | 14.500 | 37.2 | 8.500 | 0.505 | 0.517 | 0.568 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 | |
| 400 | 184 | 13.6 | 15.200 | 35.7 | 7.600 | 0.609 | 0.536 | 0.611 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 | |
| 500 | 175 | 14 | 15.800 | 34 | 6.600 | 0.727 | 0.558 | 0.677 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 | |
| 600 | 164 | 14.4 | 16.100 | 32 | 5.400 | 0.867 | 0.587 | 0.778 | SEW 310 : 1992-08 |
Young's Modulus [GPa] - Temperature [°C]
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (reference 20°C) [10^-6*K^-1] - Temperature [°C]
Differential Coefficient of Thermal Expansion [10^-6*K^-1] - Temperature [°C]
Toughness Data (Impact)
| Semi-finished Product | Condition | Nominal Size [mm] | Temperature [°C] | Specimen Shape | Specimen Direction | Notch Impact Energy [J] | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 16 - 40 | 20 | Charpy ISO V-notch | longitudinally (L) | ≥ 30 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 40 - 100 | 20 | Charpy ISO V-notch | longitudinally (L) | ≥ 30 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 100 - 160 | 20 | Charpy ISO V-notch | longitudinally (L) | ≥ 35 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
| Strip, sheet, wide flat, steel bars, forging | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 160 - 250 | 20 | Charpy ISO V-notch | longitudinally (L) | ≥ 35 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
Heat Treatment
| Heat Treatment | Step | Temperature [°C] | Holding Time [h] | Medium | Source | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft annealing | 650 - 700 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | ||||
| Quenching and tempering (+QT) | Quench hardening treatment | 870 - 930 | ≥ 0.5 | Oil, water | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | Both the composition and the thermal treatment (recompense) before nitriding have an influence on the result of the nitriding treatment. The temperature of tempering should not be appropriate for less than 50 °C over the nitriding temperature. A difference of less than 50 °C should be the subject of a special agreement. |
| Quenching and tempering (+QT) | Tempering | 580 - 700 | ≥ 1 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | Both the composition and the thermal treatment (recompense) before nitriding have an influence on the result of the nitriding treatment. The temperature of tempering should not be appropriate for less than 50 °C over the nitriding temperature. A difference of less than 50 °C should be the subject of a special agreement. | |
| Surface hardening | Nitriding | 480 - 570 | EN 10085 : 2001-03 | Both the composition and the thermal treatment (recompense) before nitriding have an influence on the result of the nitriding treatment. The temperature of tempering should not be appropriate for less than 50 °C over the nitriding temperature. A difference of less than 50 °C should be the subject of a special agreement. |
Cross Reference
| Material Name | Country | Standard | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34CrAlNi7-10 | Europe | EN 10085 | |
| 34CrAlNi7-10 | International | ISO 683-5 | Stahlschlüssel 2016, Verlag Stahlschlüssel Wegst GmbH, Marbach |
| A355 Grade C | USA | ASTM A355 | Stahlschlüssel 2016, Verlag Stahlschlüssel Wegst GmbH, Marbach |
| K52440 | USA | UNS | Stahlschlüssel 2016, Verlag Stahlschlüssel Wegst GmbH, Marbach |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Stahlschlüssel 2016, Verlag Stahlschlüssel Wegst GmbH, Marbach |
Producer/Supplier/Trade names
| Tradename | Supplier |
|---|---|
| 1.8550 | H. Kleineberg GmbH, Stelle |
| 1.8550 | INTERSTAHL Service GmbH, Wetter |
| 1.8550 | Rosswag GmbH, Pfinztal-Kleinsteinbach |
| 1.8550 | ET Edelstahl-Trading GmbH, Willich |
| 1.8550 | Eisen-Heinzl GmbH, Selb-Erkersreuth |
| 1.8550 | SIJ MWT GmbH, Landsberg am Lech |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hoesch Hohenlimburg GmbH, Hagen |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Georgsmarienhütte GmbH, Georgsmarienhütte |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Walzwerke Einsal GmbH, Nachrodt |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Willy Haecker GmbH, Hückeswagen |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hagenkötter GmbH & Co., Solingen |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Chr. Höver & Sohn GmbH & Co KG, Lindlar |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hermann Stahlschmidt Stahlgesellschaft m. b. H., Willich |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Haage Anagramm Technologien GmbH, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Schmiedewerke Gröditz GmbH, Gröditz |
| 34CrAlNi7 | HEINE + BEISSWENGER Stiftung + Co.KG, Fellbach |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Günther + Schramm GmbH, Oberkochen |
| 34CrAlNi7 | ASCOMETAL GmbH, Erkrath |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hammerwerk Erft, G. Diederichs GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Münstereifel-Arloff |
| 34CrAlNi7 | STM Stahl Vertriebs GmbH, Gräfelfing |
| 34CrAlNi7 | pauly STAHLHANDEL, Essen |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Swiss Steel International GmbH, Düsseldorf |
| 34CrAlNi7 | voestalpine AG, Linz |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Tata Steel, IJmuiden |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel GmbH & Co. KG, Witten |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Sidenor Deutschland, Düsseldorf |
| BGH 8550 | BGH Edelstahl Siegen GmbH |
| BÖHLER V 820 | voestalpine High Perfomance Metals Deutschland GmbH, Düsseldorf |
| BÖHLER V820 | voestalpine BÖHLER Edelstahl GmbH & Co.KG, Kapfenberg |
| Buderus 34CrAlNi7-10 | Buderus Edelstahl GmbH, Wetzlar |
| CR AN7 | Aubert&Duval Special Steel GmbH, Mönchengladbach |
| DIRO-34CrAINi7 | DIROSTAHL, Remscheid |
| Eschmann 8550 | EschmannStahl GmbH, Reichshof-Wehnrath |
| Klöckner 34CrAINi7 | Klöckner & Co SE, Duisburg |
| N 35 | ZAPP AG, Ratingen |
| Ni 50 | Dörrenberg Edelstahl GmbH, Engelskirchen |
| NITRODUR 34CrAlNi7 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel GmbH & Co. KG, Witten |
| NS 23 | Gustav Grimm Edelstahlwerk GmbH & Co. KG, Remscheid |
| PK 3 | AUBERT & DUVAL Deutschland GmbH, München |
| Plate 34CrAINi7 | Platestahl Umformtechnik GmbH, Lüdenscheid |
Material Compliance
| REACh | RoHS |
|---|---|
| compliant, no regulated substances above 0.1% | compliant, no regulated substances above 0.1% (lead) or 0.01% (cadmium) |
FKM Guideline Fatigue Strength
| Semi-finished Product | Condition | Nominal Size [mm] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Yield Strength [MPa] | Fatigue Limit under rev. Tension-Compression Stresses [MPa] | Fatigue Strength under pulsating Tensile Stresses [MPa] | Bending Fatigue Strength [MPa] | Shear Fatigue Strength [MPa] | Torsion Fatigue Strength [MPa] | Constant a for size factor Kd for yield stress Rp | Constant a for size factor Kd for tensile strength Rm | Source | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bar | quenched and tempered (+QT) | 40 | 900 | 680 | 405 | 335 | 435 | 235 | 260 | 0.17 | 0.17 | Strength parameters (Rm, Re) according to DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07. Fatigue strength parameters according to FKM-guideline/2002 (information values). | Temperature: -40 to 100 °C Frequency: 1 to 100 Hz Probability of survival: Pü=97.5% Strength parameters (Rm, Re) according to DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07 - Nominal size is valid for unnotched material test specimens without surface influence. - Fatigue limit under rev. tension-compression stresses and shear fatigue strength change with the tensile strength. - Bending fatigue strength and torsion fatigue strength change with the tensile strength and the nominal size. - Fatigue strength under pulsating tensile stresses is valid for the mean stress sensitivity according to Schuetz. Nominal size corresponds to equivalent diameter: =40mm. |
34CrAlNi7-10 (1.8550; DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07)
Linear-elastic
| Temperature [°C] | Young's modulus [GPa] | Poisson's ratio |
|---|---|---|
| -100 | 217.00000 | |
| 0 | 213.00000 | |
| 20 | 212.00000 | |
| 100 | 207.00000 | |
| 200 | 199.00000 | |
| 300 | 192.00000 | |
| 400 | 184.00000 | |
| 500 | 175.00000 | |
| 600 | 164.00000 | |
| 20 | 0.300 |
Alternating stress
| Temperature [°C] | Stress ratio | Alternating stress [MPa] | Cycles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | -1.00 | 1442.64 | 1000 |
| 20 | -1.00 | 362.38 | 1000000 |
| 20 | -1.00 | 362.38 | 200000000 |
Yield strength
| Temperature [°C] | Yield strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 600.00 |
Electrical resistivity
| Temperature [°C] | Specific electrical resistance [µΩm] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 0.30900 |
| 100 | 0.35400 |
| 200 | 0.41800 |
| 300 | 0.50500 |
| 400 | 0.60900 |
| 500 | 0.72700 |
| 600 | 0.86700 |
Coefficient thermal expansion
| Related Temperature [°C] | Temperature [°C] | Coefficient thermal expansion [10^-6*K^-1] |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | -100 | 10.50000 |
| 20 | 0 | 11.40000 |
| 20 | 20 | 11.50000 |
| 20 | 100 | 12.10000 |
| 20 | 200 | 12.70000 |
| 20 | 300 | 13.20000 |
| 20 | 400 | 13.60000 |
| 20 | 500 | 14.00000 |
| 20 | 600 | 14.40000 |
Specific heat
| Temperature [°C] | Specific heat [kJ/(kg*K)] |
|---|---|
| -100 | 0.42300 |
| 0 | 0.45600 |
| 20 | 0.46100 |
| 100 | 0.47900 |
| 200 | 0.49900 |
| 300 | 0.51700 |
| 400 | 0.53600 |
| 500 | 0.55800 |
| 600 | 0.58700 |
Density
| Temperature [°C] | Density [g/cm³] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 7.800 |
Tensile strength
| Temperature [°C] | Tensile strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 805.28 |
Thermal conductivity
| Temperature [°C] | Thermal conductivity [W/(m*K)] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 33.70000 |
| 100 | 36.20000 |
| 200 | 37.80000 |
| 300 | 37.20000 |
| 400 | 35.70000 |
| 500 | 34.00000 |
| 600 | 32.00000 |
Classification
| WIAM Material | Source description |
|---|---|
| 34CrAlNi7-10 | ELASTICITY SEW 310 : 1992-08; IMA Dresden, Jan. 2015 ALTERNATING_STRESS FKM-guideline/2012; EN 10085 : 2001-03; Strength parameters (Rm, Re) according to DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07. Fatigue strength parameters according to FKM-guideline/2002 (information values). DENSITY SEW 310 : 1992-08 SPECIFIC_HEAT SEW 310 : 1992-08 ELECTRICAL_RESISTIVITY SEW 310 : 1992-08 THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY SEW 310 : 1992-08 TENSILE_ULTIMATE_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03; Strength parameters (Rm, Re) according to DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07. Fatigue strength parameters according to FKM-guideline/2002 (information values). THERMAL_EXPANSION SEW 310 : 1992-08 TENSILE_YIELD_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
Designation
| Designation | Material number | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 34CrAlNi7-10 | 1.8550 | DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07 |
| 34CrAlNi7-10 | EN 10085 | |
| 34CrAlNi7-10 | ISO 683-5 | |
| A355 Grade C | ASTM A355 | |
| K52440 | UNS | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | ||
| 1.8550 | H. Kleineberg GmbH, Stelle | |
| 1.8550 | INTERSTAHL Service GmbH, Wetter | |
| 1.8550 | Rosswag GmbH, Pfinztal-Kleinsteinbach | |
| 1.8550 | ET Edelstahl-Trading GmbH, Willich | |
| 1.8550 | Eisen-Heinzl GmbH, Selb-Erkersreuth | |
| 1.8550 | SIJ MWT GmbH, Landsberg am Lech | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hoesch Hohenlimburg GmbH, Hagen | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Georgsmarienhütte GmbH, Georgsmarienhütte | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Walzwerke Einsal GmbH, Nachrodt | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Willy Haecker GmbH, Hückeswagen | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hagenkötter GmbH & Co., Solingen | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Chr. Höver & Sohn GmbH & Co KG, Lindlar | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hermann Stahlschmidt Stahlgesellschaft m. b. H., Willich | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Haage Anagramm Technologien GmbH, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Schmiedewerke Gröditz GmbH, Gröditz | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | HEINE + BEISSWENGER Stiftung + Co.KG, Fellbach | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Günther + Schramm GmbH, Oberkochen | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | ASCOMETAL GmbH, Erkrath | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Hammerwerk Erft, G. Diederichs GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Münstereifel-Arloff | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | STM Stahl Vertriebs GmbH, Gräfelfing | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | pauly STAHLHANDEL, Essen | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Swiss Steel International GmbH, Düsseldorf | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | voestalpine AG, Linz | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Tata Steel, IJmuiden | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel GmbH & Co. KG, Witten | |
| 34CrAlNi7 | Sidenor Deutschland, Düsseldorf | |
| BGH 8550 | BGH Edelstahl Siegen GmbH | |
| BÖHLER V 820 | voestalpine High Perfomance Metals Deutschland GmbH, Düsseldorf | |
| BÖHLER V820 | voestalpine BÖHLER Edelstahl GmbH & Co.KG, Kapfenberg | |
| Buderus 34CrAlNi7-10 | Buderus Edelstahl GmbH, Wetzlar | |
| CR AN7 | Aubert&Duval Special Steel GmbH, Mönchengladbach | |
| DIRO-34CrAINi7 | DIROSTAHL, Remscheid | |
| Eschmann 8550 | EschmannStahl GmbH, Reichshof-Wehnrath | |
| Klöckner 34CrAINi7 | Klöckner & Co SE, Duisburg | |
| N 35 | ZAPP AG, Ratingen | |
| Ni 50 | Dörrenberg Edelstahl GmbH, Engelskirchen | |
| NITRODUR 34CrAlNi7 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel GmbH & Co. KG, Witten | |
| NS 23 | Gustav Grimm Edelstahlwerk GmbH & Co. KG, Remscheid | |
| PK 3 | AUBERT & DUVAL Deutschland GmbH, München | |
| Plate 34CrAINi7 | Platestahl Umformtechnik GmbH, Lüdenscheid |
34CrAlNi7-10 (quenched and tempered (+QT); forging; 16.000-40.000mm)
Yield strength
| Temperature [°C] | Yield strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 680.00 |
Tensile strength
| Temperature [°C] | Tensile strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 900.00 |
Classification
| Treatment | Semi-finished product | Dimension [mm] | Source description |
|---|---|---|---|
| quenched and tempered (+QT) | forging | 16 - 40 | TENSILE_ULTIMATE_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 TENSILE_YIELD_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
34CrAlNi7-10 (quenched and tempered (+QT); forging; 40.000-100.000mm)
Yield strength
| Temperature [°C] | Yield strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 650.00 |
Tensile strength
| Temperature [°C] | Tensile strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 850.00 |
Classification
| Treatment | Semi-finished product | Dimension [mm] | Source description |
|---|---|---|---|
| quenched and tempered (+QT) | forging | 40 - 100 | TENSILE_ULTIMATE_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 TENSILE_YIELD_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
34CrAlNi7-10 (quenched and tempered (+QT); forging; 100.000-160.000mm)
Yield strength
| Temperature [°C] | Yield strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 600.00 |
Tensile strength
| Temperature [°C] | Tensile strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 800.00 |
Classification
| Treatment | Semi-finished product | Dimension [mm] | Source description |
|---|---|---|---|
| quenched and tempered (+QT) | forging | 100 - 160 | TENSILE_ULTIMATE_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 TENSILE_YIELD_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
34CrAlNi7-10 (quenched and tempered (+QT); forging; 160.000-250.000mm)
Yield strength
| Temperature [°C] | Yield strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 600.00 |
Tensile strength
| Temperature [°C] | Tensile strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 800.00 |
Classification
| Treatment | Semi-finished product | Dimension [mm] | Source description |
|---|---|---|---|
| quenched and tempered (+QT) | forging | 160 - 250 | TENSILE_ULTIMATE_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 TENSILE_YIELD_STRENGTH EN 10085 : 2001-03 |
34CrAlNi7-10 (quenched and tempered (+QT); bar; 40.000mm)
Tensile strength
| Temperature [°C] | Tensile strength [MPa] |
|---|---|
| 20 | 900.00 |
Classification
| Treatment | Semi-finished product | Dimension [mm] | Source description |
|---|---|---|---|
| quenched and tempered (+QT) | bar | 40 | TENSILE_ULTIMATE_STRENGTH Strength parameters (Rm, Re) according to DIN EN 10085 : 2001-07. Fatigue strength parameters according to FKM-guideline/2002 (information values). |